土库曼斯坦：试图把生态问题研究的能源发展议程

 土库曼斯坦：试图把生态问题研究的能源发展议程

Natural-gas-rich Turkmenistan is presently being courted by Western energy executives and government officials, who are eager to secure energy development and export deals with Ashgabat.天然气丰富的土库曼斯坦目前正在讨好西方能源管理人员和政府官员，谁渴望安全的能源开发和出口涉及阿什哈巴德。 The non-governmental organization Crude Accountability recently issued a report detailing the environmental risks associated with developing Turkmenistan’s abundant reserves.非政府组织原油问责最近发表了一份报告，详细介绍了环境风险与发展中国家土库曼斯坦丰富的储量。 Kate Watters, Executive Director for Crude Accountability, recently spoke to EurasiaNet about the contents of the report.凯特沃特斯，执行主任原油问责制，最近与EurasiaNet关于报告的内容。

EurasiaNet: Why did you decide to do this report on the environmental impact of hydrocarbon development? EurasiaNet ：你为什么决定这样做报告，对环境影响的油气发展？
Watters: Turkmenistan represents the last frontier for western corporate involvement in large-scale hydrocarbon development projects in the Caspian region. 沃特斯：土库曼斯坦的最后边界的西方公司参与的大型油气开发项目在里海地区。 With the death of [former dictator Saparmurat] Niyazov, and President [Gurbanguly] Berdymukhammedov’s interest in opening to the West, the time to discuss the risks of investment in Turkmenistan is now.随着死亡[前独裁者萨帕尔穆]尼亚佐夫总统[尔德穆罕]别尔德穆罕默多夫的兴趣向西方开放的时间，讨论的风险投资，现在在土库曼斯坦。

EurasiaNet: In the report, you focus on the role of the International Financial Institutions (IFIs), such as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the International Finance Corporation (IFC) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB). EurasiaNet ：在报告中，你重点的作用，国际金融机构（金融机构） ，如欧洲复兴和开发银行（欧洲复兴开发银行） ，国际国际金融公司（ IFC ）和亚洲开发银行（ ADB ） 。 How can they play a role in preventing ecological damage?他们怎么能发挥作用，防止生态破坏？
Watters: They use public money to finance projects. 沃特斯：他们使用公共资金资助的项目。 So, they are accountable to the public.因此，他们向市民交代。 The IFIs have social and environmental standards, which their clients must meet if they are to receive financing.国际金融机构有社会和环境标准，这些标准必须满足他们的客户，如果它们要获得融资。 Non-governmental organizations [NGOs] and civil society activists can apply pressure on the IFIs to uphold their own standards, as well as the environmental and social laws of the host country, with which they must also comply.非政府组织[非政府组织]和民间社会活跃分子可以申请国际金融机构的压力，坚持自己的标准，以及环境和社会，东道国的法律，与他们也必须遵守。

EurasiaNet: How do you assess the performance of IFIs is safeguarding the environment, judging by oil & gas projects that such institutions financed in other Caspian Basin states, such as Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan? EurasiaNet ：你如何评价国际金融机构的表现是保护环境来看，石油和天然气项目，这些机构提供资金的其他里海盆地国家，如哈萨克斯坦和阿塞拜疆？
Watters: Unfortunately, we have seen serious problems with IFI-financed projects in the Caspian region to date. 沃特斯：不幸的是，我们看到的严重问题与国际金融机构资助的项目在里海地区迄今。 The Karachaganak Field in Kazakhstan is one example where a recent audit by the IFC’s own compliance mechanism found it to be out of compliance with numerous air monitoring requirements.外地的Karachaganak在哈萨克斯坦是一个例子，最近的审计由国际金融公司自身的遵约机制的发现，将缺阵遵守无数空气监测的要求。 Numerous complaints have been filed against the EBRD and IFC for their investments in the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline, and we have grave concerns about the environmental impacts of EBRD financing at the Bautino Port in Aktau, Kazakhstan, which services the Kashagan field.许多控诉提出了对欧洲复兴开发银行和国际金融公司的投资在巴库，第比利斯杰伊汉管道，我们严重关切对环境的影响，欧洲复兴开发银行融资在Bautino港口阿克套，哈萨克斯坦，其中服务领域的卡沙干。 Among other concerns at Kashagan are threats to the habitat of the Caspian seal.在其他问题上的卡沙干的威胁人居里海印章。

EurasiaNet: The report asserts that Turkmenistan is not in compliance with the Aarhus Convention. EurasiaNet ：该报告声称，土库曼斯坦不符合奥胡斯公约。 Why this convention is so important?为什么本公约如此重要？
Watters: The Aarhus Convention states that citizens and public organizations have the right to have access to and participate in environmentally significant decision-making, and to have legal recourse if this right is violated. 沃特斯：奥胡斯公约的国家，公民和公共组织都有权获得和参与环境具有重大意义的决策，并已诉诸法律，如果这一权利受到侵犯。 Turkmenistan signed the Aarhus Convention in 1999 and is currently out of compliance with it because of the provisions of the country’s 2003 NGO law, which is repressive in the extreme, and prohibits civil society from participating in the social and political life of the country.土库曼斯坦签署了奥胡斯公约于1999年，是目前没有遵守它的规定，因为该国的2003年非政府组织法，这是镇压在极端的情况下，并禁止民间社会参与的社会和政治生活的国家。

EurasiaNet: Do you expect that Turkmen activists will be able to make their voices heard anytime soon? EurasiaNet ：你期望土库曼活动家将能够听到他们的声音马上？
Waters: At present, Turkmen activists are unable to voice their concerns within their country, [and] also in the international community.水域：目前，土库曼活动家无法表达他们的关切在自己的国家， [和]也是在国际社会中。 We can help them by providing a forum in which they can voice their concerns, and by pushing our governments and international institutions to be honest and realistic in their assessments of progress in Turkmenistan.我们可以帮助他们提供一个论坛，使他们能够表达他们的关切，并推动各国政府和国际机构应诚实和实事求是的评估进展情况在土库曼斯坦。 We can also insist that engagement by Western governments, international institutions and corporations be predicated on improvements in the human rights sphere inside Turkmenistan.我们也可以坚持认为，接触了西方各国政府，国际机构和跨国公司取决于改善在人权领域内土库曼斯坦。

EurasiaNet: How are US and EU officials responding to the report? EurasiaNet ：如何是美国和欧盟官员的报告作出反应？
Watters: Most officials with whom we speak believe that Western corporations implement standards much higher than those of the Caspian countries. 沃特斯：大多数官员都认为，我们谈论西方跨国公司执行标准远高于里海国家。 Some US government officials have gone so far as to say that claims against US corporations’ compliance with national environmental laws are politically motivated.一些美国政府官员甚至说，声称对美国企业遵守国家环境法律是出于政治动机。 There seems to be an unwavering belief that US corporations will always be cleaner and more progressive.似乎有一个坚定的信念，即美国公司将永远是更清洁，更进步。 Unfortunately, as our report states, this is often not the case.不幸的是，我们的报告指出，这往往并非如此。 Our concern is that Western corporations operating in Turkmenistan [could] fail to comply with Western standards of transparency, accountability and environmental protection, as they have in hydrocarbon-rich areas throughout the world.我们关切的是，西方公司在土库曼斯坦[可以]不符合西方标准的透明度，问责制和保护环境，因为它们在油气丰富的地区在世界各地。

As they [Western energy entities] operate with a very closed government, the risk is that they become complicit in the corrupt and un-transparent behaviors of their host.因为他们[西部能源实体]与一个非常封闭的政府，风险是，他们成为串通舞弊及联合国透明的行为，他们的主机。 In Turkmenistan, environmentalists and others who would normally be active participants in discussions about environmental protection, health impacts and overall social benefits of Western projects are totally unable to engage in this critical dialogue.在土库曼斯坦，环境保护主义者和其他谁通常会积极参与讨论，环境保护，健康的影响和整体社会福利的西方项目是完全无法参与这一重要的对话。 It is imperative that international civil society works to provide an opportunity for this dialogue to take place.至关重要的是，国际民间社会的努力提供一个机会，这次对话发生。

EurasiaNet: Is Crude Accountability optimistic that Berdymukhamedov will loosen government control over domestic life, perhaps allowing for a small flourishing of the non-governmental sector in Turkmenistan? EurasiaNet ：是原油问责乐观地认为，别尔德穆罕默多夫将放松政府控制国内的生活，也许让一个小蓬勃发展的非政府部门在土库曼斯坦？
Watters: Unfortunately, the President continues to apply pressure on activists in the country. 沃特斯：不幸的是，总统继续施加压力，活跃在该国。 According to our sources, activists are under greater scrutiny than they were under Niyazov.根据我们的消息来源，积极分子受到更严格的审查比根据尼亚佐夫。 As long as this is the situation, it is imperative that Western human rights and civil society organizations continue to demand greater freedom among civil society.只要是这种情况，至关重要的是，西方人权组织和民间社会组织继续要求更多的自由民间社会。

   以上翻译来自GOOGLE自动翻译，仅供参考！