美国贸易代表办公室重点关注中国在知识产权特别301报告

22 May 2009 2009年5月22日 
USTR Highlights China IPR Concerns in Special 301 Report 美国贸易代表办公室重点关注中国在知识产权特别301报告

On 30 April, the Office of the US trade Representative released its Special 301 Report, the result of its annual review that evaluates the intellectual property rights protection policies and enforcement measures of some 77 countries. 4月30日，办事处的美国贸易代表公布的特别301报告，结果在其年度审查，评估，知识产权保护政策和执法措施， 77个国家的一些。 Among other things, the review addresses such issues as the greater diversification in the types of goods that are being counterfeited, the manufacture and distribution of counterfeit pharmaceuticals, the rapid growth of piracy of copyrighted products in virtually all formats, Internet piracy, the production of and trade in pirated optical discs, and proper implementation of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects Intellectual Property Rights.除其他外，审查等问题的解决更加多样化类型的货物正在仿造，制造和分销假药，快速增长的盗版版权产品在几乎所有的格式，互联网盗版，生产和贸易的盗版光碟，并适当地执行WTO协议与贸易有关的知识产权。

As in 2008, the report places a total of 46 countries on the Priority Watch List, the Watch List or the Section 306 monitoring list.正如在2008年，该报告的地方共有46个国家的优先观察名单的观察名单，或306条款监督名单。 Countries on the PWL do not provide an adequate level of IPR protection or enforcement or of market access for persons relying on IPR protection.国家PWL没有提供适当水平的知识产权保护或强制执行或市场准入的人依赖于知识产权保护。 In addition to mainland China, the countries on the PWL in this year's report are Algeria, Argentina, Canada, Chile, India, Indonesia, Israel, pakistan, Russia, Thailand and Venezuela.除了中国内地，对国家的PWL在今年的报告是：阿尔及利亚，阿根廷，加拿大，智利，印度，印度尼西亚，以色列，巴基斯坦，俄罗斯，泰国和委内瑞拉。 Canada was included in the PWL for the first time due to concerns about weak border enforcement and the continuing need for copyright reform, while South Korea was removed from the WL in recognition of the significant improvements made by that country over this past year.加拿大被列入PWL首次由于担心薄弱的边界执法和需要继续版权所有改革，而韩国是从资格承认方面作出的重大改进该国在过去的一年。

The report notes that China remains a top IPR enforcement and TRIPS compliance priority.该报告指出，中国仍然是最知识产权执法和知识产权遵守优先。 The United States has voiced a broad scope of complaints about China's IPR protections and enforcement practices over the years and was partially vindicated earlier this year when a WTO dispute settlement panel agreed with US claims that (1) China allows IPR-infringing goods to be released into commerce following the removal of fake labels or other infringing features when WTO rules dictate that these goods should normally be kept out of the marketplace altogether, and (2) Chinese authorities have failed to provide copyright protection for works that have not been approved by state censors for sale in the mainland, in contravention to articles 9.1 and 41.1 of the TRIPS Agreement.美国已表示，范围广泛的抱怨中国的知识产权保护和执法的做法，并在过去几年，部分证明今年早些时候，世贸组织争端解决小组同意美国声称， （ 1 ）中国允许知识产权侵权货物被释放到商业在排除了假标签或其他侵犯功能时，世贸组织的规则规定，这些货物通常应保持了完全的市场，和（ 2 ）中共当局未能提供版权保护的作品，但没有批准的国家检查员对在内地销售，违反第9.1和41.1贸易有关的知识产权协定。 On the other hand, the panel rejected a US challenge of quantitative thresholds in China's criminal law that must be met in order to start criminal prosecutions or obtain criminal convictions for copyright piracy and trademark counterfeiting, ruling that additional evidence was needed before it could uphold the US claim that China's criminal thresholds are too high.另一方面，专家小组拒绝了美方提出的挑战的数量限额，中国的刑法，必须满足，以便开始刑事起诉或获得刑事定罪将盗版及伪冒商标，裁定，需要更多的证据才能坚持美国声称，中国的刑事门槛太高。 China has declared its intention to comply with the recommendations of the panel within a "reasonable period of time."中国已经宣布，它打算遵守该小组的建议在一个“合理的一段时间。 ”

Despite the adverse panel ruling on criminal thresholds, US trade officials still believe that high value and volume thresholds and continued difficulties in initiating or transferring cases for criminal prosecution result in limited deterrence while undermining the overall effectiveness of China's IPR protection regime.尽管不利的小组裁定犯罪的门槛，美国贸易官员仍然认为，高价值和销货数量门槛和困难，继续发起或案件移交刑事起诉造成威慑，同时也损害了有限的整体效能，中国的知识产权保护制度。 US trademark and copyright industries argue that administrative fines are too low and irregularly awarded to provide an effective deterrent and that as a result infringers continue to consider administrative seizures and fines as a cost of doing business.美国商标和版权行业认为，行政罚款太低，不定期颁发给提供一个有效的威慑和说，由于侵权者继续审议行政收缴和罚款作为经营成本。 Moreover, the report contends that enforcement efforts, particularly at the local level, continue to be hampered by poor co-ordination among Chinese government ministries and agencies, local protectionism and corruption, lack of training and inadequate and non-transparent processes.此外，该报告认为，执法工作，尤其是在地方一级，继续受到穷人之间的协调我国政府部门和机构，地方保护主义和腐败，缺乏培训和不足和非透明的进程。 Also of concern are an apparently more lenient enforcement of IPR laws motivated by the economic crisis and the fact that China has yet to set a rate under Article 42 of its Copyright Law for the remuneration of rights holders for the use of their works by radio or television broadcasters.另外值得关注的是一个显然比较宽松的执行知识产权法律的动机和经济危机的事实，中国还没有确定一个利率第42条规定其著作权法的薪酬权利人使用其作品的广播或电视广播。

The report articulates several longstanding US concerns.该报告阐明了几个长期存在的美国的关注。 Internet piracy, for example, figures prominently in the report as a result of the alleged unwillingness of Chinese authorities to significantly increase criminal prosecutions and other enforcement actions through a co-ordinated national effort backed by appropriate resources.互联网盗版，例如，突出报告中，由于被指控中共当局不愿大幅增加刑事检控和其他执法行动，通过协调的国家努力的支持适当的资源。 The pervasiveness of retail and wholesale trademark counterfeiting also continues to be a nagging source of frustration for US companies, although there is some optimism that an innovative protocol brokered by the Beijing municipal courts between brand owners and the landlord of the Silk Market could yield positive results.普遍存在的批发和零售假冒商标也仍然是一个恼人的令人沮丧的美国公司，虽然有一些乐观地认为，一个创新的议定书的斡旋下，北京市法院之间品牌拥有者和房东的丝绸市场可能产生积极的成果。 The USTR also claims that trade in pirated optical discs continues to thrive, supplied by both licensed and unlicensed factories and smugglers.美国贸易代表还声称，贸易的盗版光碟，继续蓬勃发展，所提供的两个持牌及无牌工厂和走私者。 Small retail shops allegedly continue to be the major commercial outlets for pirated movies and music and a wide variety of counterfeit goods.据称，小零售商店仍然是主要的商业网点的盗版电影和音乐以及各种各样的假冒商品。 Piracy of books and journals and end-user piracy of business software also remain key concerns for the USTR, as does the high share of IPR-infringing seizures of mainland Chinese origin goods at the US border (81 percent in 2008, up by 40 percent in value terms from 2007).盗版的书籍和期刊和最终用户盗版的商业软件也依然主要关注的美国贸易代表一样，高份额的知识产权侵权缉获大陆货物原产地在美国边境（百分之八十一， 2008年，增长了百分之四十以价值计算，从2007年开始） 。

A relatively new concern is the possibility that China may use its laws and policies in certain areas to unfairly favour domestic over foreign intellectual property.一个比较新的令人关注的是可能性，中国可能会利用其法律和政策在某些地区，以不公平的赞成国内对外国的知识产权。 The report notes that the Chinese government is considering legal and/or policy changes in areas such as the scope of compulsory licensing of patented inventions and the treatment of IPR in setting standards that have the potential to affect IPR protection and market access for IPR-reliant goods and services.该报告指出，我国政府正在考虑法律和/或政策变化等领域的范围，强制许可的专利发明和处理知识产权的设置标准，有可能会影响到保护知识产权和市场准入的知识产权的依赖货物和服务。 The USTR plans to monitor these developments carefully to ensure fair and equitable treatment for US rights holders.美国贸易代表计划，监测这些事态发展谨慎，以确保公正和公平待遇的美国权利人。

On a positive note, the report welcomed the efforts of the Chinese government to limit the unauthorised broadcast of sporting events as well as on-line activities related to the Olympic Games.从积极的方面，报告所作的努力表示欢迎中国政府为限制未经授权的转播体育赛事，以及网上的活动有关奥运会。 These efforts reportedly led to 453 on-line infringement cases, through which 192 sites were shut down, 173 sites were required to remove infringing content, 88 sites received administrative punishment, and infringing activities related to 10 sites were transferred for criminal prosecution.据报道，这些努力导致453网上侵权案件，通过192网站被关闭， 173个网站被要求删除侵权内容， 88个网站受到行政处罚，并侵权活动有关的10个网站被移送刑事起诉。 Encouragingly, the report also reaffirms the commitment by the Obama administration to maintain a bi-lateral dialogue and co-operation through the JCCT and other fora with a view to achieving further progress in these and other areas.令人鼓舞的是，该报告还重申承诺，奥巴马政府保持双边对话与合作，通过中美商贸联委会和其他论坛，以期取得进一步进展的这些领域和其他领域。